1 托福 阅读分类题型
托福阅读考试中，大家除了平时的练习和记忆，掌握相当的词汇量以外，对于各种题型的分类和解法也应了如指掌，只有了解了这一层才能在考试中得心应手，做到胸有成竹。下面小编就“托福阅读题型分类及解法”给大家作出整理，希望大家重视。
1 信息归类题
特点：
(1)通常文章采用对比写法。
(2)有无用的选项。
关键：排除无用选项。
同学们在复习时可以分类练习，这样可以培养对每一类题型的敏锐感以及加快解题速度。
2 指代题
问法：The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to
技巧：
(1)单复数
it找单数名词或名词性词组。
they找复数名词或名词性词组。
(2)在主从复合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代词主语优先指代前半句主语的核心词(有例外, 要从意义判断)。
(3)简单句中,代词优先指代主语核心词, 次之制代宾语核心词。
(4)代词所在句子找不到合适的指代, 优先指代前一句主语, 次之指代后一句宾语。
(5)一句话中, 相同的代词指代相同。
3 直接事实题
问法：According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?
技巧：定位原文, 细读。
4 infer题(需要精确理解)
注意：既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明确说的。
技巧：
(1)时间前后推理。
(2)排除法。
(3)不要加入自己的观点。
5 举例说明概述题 (例子的作用)
技巧：
(1)重点不是例子本身, 而是举例子的目的及例子的服务对象。
(2)概述的同义改写就是答案。
6 EXCEPT列举题
技巧：重视文中三个或三个以上的列举 (遇到的话就做笔记记下来—Sissi如是说)。
定位：核心关键词 such as n1, n2, n3………A, B, and/ or C.
7 插入句子题
技巧
(1)待插入的句子中, 代词 this, these their, it, such, he, another 这些通常是上一句]提过的,所以才特指。
(2)因果, 转折等过渡词 therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary.
(3)递进扩展词 furthermore, also, as well, too, other, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally.
(4)结构配对词on the one hand…. On the other handsome…others.
(5)关键同义词 重复出现的名词、副词、形容词。
8 句子要点题
问法：which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence.
错误选项：
(1) 有新内容, 或有相反内容。
(2) 遗漏了原文中重要信息。
9 全文总结题
(1)注意段首句, 注意自己归纳总结。
(2)关注文章结构,特别是先总后分式。
10 词汇题
问法：The word/phrase XXX is closest in meaning to____
技巧：
(1)首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验。
(2)如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
(3)看原词所在句子前后2句, 找重复对应。
(4)如果悬想中有2个悬想都在上下文中合理,选择在含义上与原词沾边的词。
(5)选项中不认识的词不轻易去选。
做题顺序：
看单词，看选项，原文验证。
2托福阅读不同题型的解题技巧
托福阅读考试中虽然题型的种类不同，但是解题的思路和技巧，有些是共通的。因此在备考中，我们也需要掌握一些这方面的技巧，以方便我们更好地完成题目的解答。下面就是详细的内容整理。
把握核心逻辑
Paraphrasing【改述题】
改述题对于考生是不是听着陌生?但它在托福阅读文章中的地位却举足轻重。因为阅读中的长难句是考生们要面对的最大障碍，而改述题通常就是以长难句的形式出现。对于改述题的拿分技巧，锦囊就是 —— 把握核心逻辑。法则诠释：抓住长句的核心逻辑，对其进行分析，可以用词核心逻辑来匹配选项。和原句核心逻辑矛盾的选项可以排除。
例如: It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.
分析：这是一句以 it 为主语，谓语是 involves，三个动名词短语做宾语(属于平行结构)的长难句。在阅读中经常出现“a and b”或“a or b”的形式，其中 a 与 b 同义或近义，所以只要认识其中一个词就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。例如：trade-off and compromises。
直译为：它涉及到探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益矛盾时，做出权衡和妥协。
改述题，在剔除其糟粕取其精华后，是不是显得简单易懂。事实上改述题就是一个不断筛选的过程。平常考生可以多练习下对长难句的结构分析，会很有助于阅读理解的速度。
声东击西
Purpose【功能目的题】
托福阅读中，功能目的题在一定程度上也叫例证题，它主要考查考生透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。在 IBT 考试中会有 3-4 个这类型题目。下面为您想出的答题策略锦囊就是 —— 声东击西。
首先我们看下它的出题形式：
The author uses X as an example of…
Why does the author mention X ?
The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…
熟悉了它的出题形式后，我们给出的具体解题思路如下：被提问的细节附近，即其前一句或后一句，往往是与其最直接相关的目的句。用此目的句去和选项进行匹配，即可甄选出正确答案来。在此，我们可以利用这个大原则，来分析一个最常见的文章结构，总分的举例结构，并利用这种结构来解题。
常见的表示举例的提示性的单词或短语有：for example/for instance/such as/as/as a example of/one of…/this is the case…等。
如果题干中关键词对应原文的句子里有相关的表示例证的单词，短语出现，则向前看前面的句子，答案也就随之浮现出来。所以在平时的阅读练习中，大家一定要注意句子之间逻辑关系，句与句之间不是互相独立的，而是紧密联系，互相支撑，构建段落，甚至是全文。
总而言之，功能题的考点通常在被提问的细节附近，或者把两端句子的陈述对调呈现。故意制造烟雾选项，即造成要攻打东面声势，西面却是正确选项。需要考生们很强的辨别能力。
抓住主干词
Insertion【插入题】
按照 ETS 官方指南上的解析，这类题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系，即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。所以，只要掌握了英语句子间的衔接手法(cohesive devices)，这种题型便可迎刃而解。所以，答题锦囊就是 —— 抓住主干词。先让我们来看下插入题里的衔接手法：
1. 代词 (Pronouns)
具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等 (personal, demonstrative, relative, etc.)
2. 定冠词 the + 名词 (specific articles + nouns)
名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词 a 连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词 the 引出。例如，A woman is walking into our classroom. The woman is our teacher。
3. 重复话题词或同义近义改写 (Repetition, synonym, or slight variation of a word)上下句的衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现，或者是对该话题词进行相关改写。
例如，To foster healthy relationships between children in a classroom, teachers should provide time for games and fun activities. Having healthy relationships with their peers helps childrengain confidence useful in other parts of their lives. (重复话题词)
4. 过渡性词和词组(Transitional phrases/transitional adverbs)
上面讲到的三种句间关系属于隐性关系。隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现。现在，我们要讲的是句子间的显性关系，即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别。
插入题的指代主干词: it/they/this/these/such…/thus/however/another…other…also。识别出这些主干词，往往答案就在其后面或紧密联系的前后两句，可以利用线索进行选项识别。
擒贼先擒王
Main Idea【主旨题】
新托福的阅读主旨题是其阅读的一大难点，难就难在这种题目是多项选择需要看遍全文，往往耗时较多。很多人做到最后一道题时还要返回去看一遍全文，而页面以提示“时间到“，托福的第一项便这样在慌乱中草草收场，以至于对后面的考试产生不利影响。 表主旨的典型问法有：The X paragraph mainly about? 等。因此，针对庞大繁杂的主旨题小站给出的锦囊 —— 擒贼先擒王。
具体的答题思路如下：
Step 1： 通读四个判断选项;标示出大致意思;
Step 2： 通读全文拉构架，找寻四个选项相关章节;
Step 3： 通常是段首或段尾，如果发现与选项相呼应，直接选为正确选项。
在主旨题中，还有一个小技巧是，带有绝对表达的选项，如：only, most 等，常常为错误的选项，可直接排除。另外，要学会区分主旨和细节，在此题型中，即使有些选项原文确实有提及，但是如果此选项为细节，那么这个选项就是错误的选项。
小编以为主旨题的文章结构基本形式是：总分总、分总分、对比并列。了解文章结构十分有助于我们区分主干理由还是分支理由。主旨题要求考生理解段落的大意。最有可能在段首或断尾出现，有时答案会很含蓄。要求学生对现有信息进行归纳总结。
所以，对于托福阅读来说，主旨题就是每段文章的论点考核，不需要花太多时间在细枝末节上，只要记住：擒贼先擒王。抓住观点论句进行选项匹配即可。
直接与间接
Categorizing【分类题】
托福阅读分类题，是新托福的相对比较少出现的一种题型，它一般出现在最后一题的位臵，取代归总题。考题的形式和雅思的 match 题型类似，将正确的选项归类到正确的分类当中去，会有多余的选项。这就需要考生具有极强的辨别逻辑能力，针对这种难点题型我们给出的锦囊就是—— 直接与间接法则。
顾名思义，在托福文章中，此题型一般会讲述两种不同的事物，我们姑且称它们为 A 和 B. 类别 1 归入与 A 类事物有关的项目，类别 2 归入与 B 类事物有关的项目。
在文章中，作者也会对 A 和 B 两类事物进行分别探讨和互相比较，因此我们在阅读时就必须注意作者在谈论和比较 A 和 B 的时候是否提到这些项目，并把这些项目归入到适当的类别中去。一般来说，作者会在不同的段落中讲述 A 和 B 两类事物，不过有时 A 和 B 会在同一段落中被提到，因为作者要把它们作一个详细的比较。
3托福阅读怎么备考拿高分
托福阅读部分想要拿到高分甚至是满分的成绩，都是有一定的难度的。那么具体的备考中，同学们需要攻克哪些难题，来更好地备考托福阅读考试呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考。
如果考试准备时间充足，可以多加涉猎，扩充自己的知识背景;如果时间紧张，就先搞定TPO套题，熟练套路再去扩展背景知识。
另外，还有一部分原因就是习惯问题，如果你每次阅读的时候都很抗拒，那肯定读不进去，状态自然起不来。有这样的问题的话，大家可以试着每次在做阅读之前先“清空”自己，再去做题，慢慢养成习惯。
长难句
世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。
很多同学在遇到长难句时总会懵，尝试各种姿势也无法理解句意，只能连蒙带猜了。
而实际上，出现这种情况，还是因为自己的基础不到位，词汇量不足，语法不熟，句型不会解剖，自然无法理解。
而拥有了好的基础后，又如何解决长难句呢?这就需要大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?
咱们得清楚，阅读长难句的能力可以说是托福考试的核心能力，一开始，我们会明显感受到，有些题中的句子里明明每个单词都很熟悉，但是必须要反复看3-5遍以上才能比较好的理解它;有的时候看了后面忘了前面，看了这句，忘了上句，浪费时间不说还做不对题目。
其实，这跟我们平时的初高中课堂上讲语法多、用语法少的现象有关。我们的语法知识储备不少，但是欠缺训练把语法知识运用到长难句的理解中
语法中比较难理解的其实就是定语从句、后置定语，在中文中，我们的定语无论多长都加个“的”然后放在名词前面;然而在英文中，定语的位置和形式变换很多，给我们设置了很多的阅读障碍。
例如：
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into thenineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or tosoften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finestquality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects fromthe most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from aliquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance……
其实就是一个简单句Improvements produced an instrument，然后加上了后置定语、同位语的修饰成分而已：一系列技术进步(19世纪的，包括123种)，产生了一个有好多音效的乐器，这些音效从某种声音1到某种声音2，从某种声音3到某种声音4。大家在通过系统的语法学习后，再把它利用到长难句的分析和理解中去，最后达到阅读中的任何长难句读一遍就能get到它的意思。
解题策略
托福阅读10种题型，除最后的小结题外大都属于考查文章细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步，然后就是理解。此时如果词汇量不够怎么办?事实上做阅读我们永远要牢记的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了。
比如：
The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows aroundthe fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order toprotect the crops。
这个句子比较长，其中有which引导的定语从句，还有hunted… 这个状语，而解题时我们只需要句子的主干The deerwere gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就开始逐词阅读，甚至试图把它翻译成中文理解，这种方式不仅耽误时间，效果也不会太好。
正确的做法应该是，遇到一句话先抓主干，遇到整段记得扫描段落有无显眼的连词，举例信号词等，浏览每段的主题句。
再说一下小结题，这也是大多数考生的一个痛点。为什么这么说?一是很多同学做到最后一题时时间已所剩无几，二是最后一题是对全文的主要内容的总结，相对复杂，脑子有些不清醒的话很容易选错。
那么如何把握全文结构及大意的重要性?
咱们上面也提到了，一是做题之前可大概浏览文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章，首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章，比如TPO6中的InfantileAmnesia, 虽然文章较难理解，但是文中明确提出了三种观点first，second，third…那么此类文章小结题的选项太显而易见了。
再者，文章的每段会对应出2-3道题，那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行TPO练习时，做题虽不可或缺，但还要注意多加练习快速阅读文章的能力。
总结：好的状态+难点突破+解题策略=高分
4托福阅读背景资料
托福阅读备考中，对于一些常考的内容，我们也要了解一下具体的背景知识。这样能够辅助我们更好地来完成文章的阅读。下面小编为大家整理了“摄影术的发展”，供大家参考。
The camera obscura is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment and was one of the inventions that led to photography and the camera. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced rotated 180 degrees (thus upside-down) but with color and perspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation.The largest camera obscura in the world is on Constitution Hill in Aberystwyth Wales.
Using mirrors as in the 18th-century overhead version it is possible to project a right-side-up image. Another more portable type is a box with an angled mirror projecting onto tracing paper placed on the glass top the image being upright as viewed from the back.
As the pinhole is made smaller the image gets sharper but the projected image becomes dimmer. With too small a pinhole however the sharpness worsens due to diffraction. Some practical camera obscuras use a lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a largeraperture giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus. History
The camera obscura has been known to scholars since the time of Mozi and Aristotle.The first surviving mention of the principles behind the pinhole camera or camera obscura belongs to Mozi a Chinese philosopher and the founder of Mohism. Mozi correctly asserted that the image in a camera obscura is flipped upside down because light travels in straight lines from its source. His disciples developed this into a minor theory of optics.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle understood the optical principle of the pinhole camera.He viewed the crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve and through the gaps between the leaves of a plane tree. In the 4th century BCE Aristotle noted that "sunlight travelling through small openings between the leaves of a tree the holes of a sieve the openings wickerwork and even interlaced fingers will create circular patches of light on the ground." Euclid’s Optics presupposed the camera obscura as a demonstration that light travels in straight lines.In the 4th century Greekscholar Theon of Alexandria observed that "candlelight passing through a pinhole will create an illuminated spot on a screen that is directly in line with the aperture and the center of the candle."
In the 6th century the Byzantine-Greek mathematician and architect Anthemius of Tralles (most famous for designing the Hagia Sophia) used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.
In the 9th century Al-Kindi (Alkindus) demonstrated that "light from the right side of the flame will pass through the aperture and end up on the left side of the screen while light from the left side of the flame will pass through the aperture and end up on the right side of the screen."
Alhazen also gave the first clear description and early analysis and invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera. While Aristotle Theon of Alexandria Al-Kindi and Chinese philosopher Mozi had earlier described the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole none of them suggested that what is being projected onto the screen is an image of everything on the other side of the aperture. Alhazen was the first to demonstrate this with his lamp experiment where several different light sources are arranged across a large area. He was thus the first to successfully project an entire image from outdoors onto a screen indoors with the camera obscura.
The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo experimented with a camera obscura and was the first to apply geometrical andquantitative attributes to it in his book of 1088 AD the Dream Pool Essays. However Shen Kuo alluded to the fact that the Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang written in about 840 AD by Duan Chengshi during the Tang Dynastymentioned inverting the image of a Chinese pagoda tower beside a seashore.In fact Shen makes no assertion that he was the first to experiment with such a device. Shen wrote of Cheng’s book: "[Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang] said that the image of the pagoda is inverted because it is beside the sea and that the sea has that effect. This is nonsense. It is a normal principle that the image is inverted after passing through the small hole."
In 13th-century England Roger Bacon described the use of a camera obscura for the safe observation of solar eclipses.At the end of the 13th century Arnaldus de Villa Nova is credited with using a camera obscura to project live performances for entertainment.Its potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by as early as the 15th century; Leonardo da Vinci described the camera obscura in Codex Atlanticus. Johann Zahn’s "Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium which was published in 1685 contains many descriptions and diagrams illustrations and sketches of both the camera obscura and of the magic lantern.
Giambattista della Porta is said to have perfected camera obscura. He described it as having a convex lens in later editions of his Magia Naturalis the popularity of which helped spread knowledge of it. He compared the shape of the human eye to the lens in his camera obscura and provided an easily
understandable example of how light could bring images into the eye. One chapter in the Conte Algarotti’s Saggio sopra Pittura is dedicated to the use of a camera ottican painting.
Camera obscura from a manuscript of military designs. 17th century possibly Italian.
The 17th century Dutch Masters such as Johannes Vermeer were known for their magnificent attention to detail. It has been widely speculated that they made use of such a camera but the extent of their use by artists at this period remains a matter of considerable controversy recently revived by the Hockney–Falco thesis.
The term "camera obscura" itself was first used by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1604.The English physician and author Sir Thomas Browne speculated upon the interrelated workings of optics and the camera obscura in his 1658 discourse The Garden of Cyrus thus:
For at the eye the Pyramidal rayes from the object receive a decussation and so strike a second base upon the Retina or hinder coat the proper organ of Vision; wherein the pictures from objects are represented answerable to the paper or wall in the dark chamber; after the decussation of the rayes at the hole of the hornycoat and their refraction upon the Christalline humour answering the foramen of the window and the convex or burning-glasses which refract the rayes that enter it.
Four drawings by Canaletto representing Campo San Giovanni e Paolo in Venice obtained with a camera obscura (Venice Gallerie dell’Accademia)
Early models were large; comprising either a whole darkened room or a tent (as employed by Johannes Kepler). By the 18th century following developments by Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke more easily portable models became available. These were extensively used by amateur artists while on their travels but they were also employed by professionals including Paul Sandby Canaletto and Joshua Reynolds whose camera (disguised as a book) is now in the Science Museum (London). Such cameras were later adapted by Joseph Nicephore Niepce Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot for creating the first photographs.