英语的静态动词有哪些(英语静态动词和动态动词的区别)

英语中的动态和静态都可以用动词来表达。从语义上看,动词可以分为动态和静态。让我们告诉你关于关于英语动态动词与静态动词的用法.的事情,让我们看看吧!

关于英语动态动词与静态动词的用法:

一、 动词(dynamic verbs)和静态动词(stative verbs)的概念及分类。

实义动词按其语义特征可以分为动态动词和静态动词。

1. 动态动词(dynamic verbs):表示运动状态的动词。这类动词分为五种:

(1) 活动动词(activity verbs)

(2) 过程动词(process verbs)

(3) 感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation)

(4) 过渡性动词(transitional verbs)

(5) 瞬间动词(momentary verbs)

2. 静态动词(stative verbs): 表示相对静止状态的动词。这类动词分为三种:

(1) 感觉动词(verbs of perception)

(2) 认识动词(verbs of cogition)

(3) 关系动词(relation verbs)

英语的静态动词有哪些(英语静态动词和动态动词的区别)

二、 动态动词(dynamic verbs)

1. 活动动词(activity verbs): 这类动词表示动作的发出者的有意识的,主动的行为。

这类动词有: ask, write, listen, play,run, keep,work etc.

One of the students asked me a question.

The girl writes to her mother once a week.

2. 过程动词(process verbs): 这类动词表示“过程”含有逐渐过渡的语义,通常情况下,表示动作转化为状态。

这类动词有: change, grow, get, widen, become, mature, deteriorate etc.

The village has changed a great deal since we last visited it.

It is growing cold.

3. 感觉动词(verbs of bodily sensation): 这类动词表示客观事物的个别特征在人体中引起的反映。

这类动词有: ache, feel, hurt, itch etc.

My back was hurting.

Are your mosquito bites still itching?

4. 过渡性动词(transational verbs):这类动词表示动作由一个阶段逐渐发展而转入另一种状态。

这类动词有: arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose etc.

The train arrived at the station.

Tom’s grandfather died five years ago.

这里需要指出的是当上述过渡性动词用于进行体时,表达的不是动作达到的语义,而是过渡状态。

The train was arriving. (火车快到站了.)

Tom’s grandfather was dying. (汤姆的祖父快要去世.)

5. 瞬间动词(momentary verbs)

这类动词表示瞬间发生随即完成的动作。

这类动词有:hit,jump,tap,knock,kick,nod,meet,shoot,drop,etc.

The boss hit the boy on the head.

The teacher tapped the child on the shoulder.

值得语言学者重视的是: 瞬间动词一旦用于进行体,常表示重复性动作。

The boss was hitting the boy on the head. (连续打击)

The teacher was tapping the child on the shoulder. (连续拍打)

其中begin 虽为瞬间动词,但用于进行体中,并不表示重复,而是表示“刚刚开始”:

You are beginning to wonder whether the plan can be practicable.

通过对上述动态动词(dynamtic verbs) 的语义特征进行的分析, 可以概括为以下几点用法:

1) 动态动词可以用于祈使句。

Stop talking.

Please open the door.

2) 动态动词可以用于进行体。

The students are reading the text.

The weather is changing for the better.

3) 动态动词可以用于复合宾语中。

I told him to go to the clinic.

She asked the student write the composition.

4)动态动词可以用于带有do 代词形势得假拟分裂句。

What I did was to make notes.

What I did was to leav.

三、 静态动词(stative verbs)

1. 感觉动词(verbs of perception):感觉动词用来表示主体的思维和五官活动的动词。这类动词有:see, hear, smell, sound, taste, etc.

We can smell something burning.

Can you taste onion in the soup?

2. 认识动词(verbs of cognition):认识动词用来表示各种思想感情及心理状态。

这类动词有:astonish,desire,believe,love,hate,remember,know,want,wish,think,recognize,etc.

His words astonished all.

I didn’t recognized her.

3. 关系动词(relational verbs):关系动词用来表示主体和其他事物之间的静止关系或状态。这类动词有:apply to,be,belong to,concern,resemble,consist of,contain,cost,depend on,deserve,fit,have,remain,seem,need,own,etc.

The rules apply to all undertakings.

Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

通过对上述静态动词(stative verbs)的语义分析,可以概括为以下几点:

1) 静态动词不能用于祈使句。 不能说:

Hear, someone is knocking at the door.

Know him, please.

2) 静态动词一般不以进行体形式出现。不能说:

I am knowing that Jack went there.

Our class is consisting of 20 students.

3) 静态动词不能用于复合宾语(complex objects)中。不能说:

I ask him to smell something unpleasant.

I advised him remember it.

4) 静态动词不能用于带有do 代词形式的假拟分裂句。不能说:

What I did was to feel pain on my head.

What she did was to dislike the novel.

通常不用于被动语态的静态动词:

那里的人缺乏食物。

正:People there lack food.

误:Food is lacked by people there.

从形式上看,第2句是第1句的相应的被动形式,既然第1句为正句,那么第2句从理论上说应该是成立的。而事实上第2句却是个错句。

在英语中,并不是所有的及物动词都可以用于被动语态的,有些动词(尤其是那些静态动词)尽管它们可以带宾语,但却不用于被动语态,这种动词考生容易弄错,其中主要的有:have,lack,fit,suit,cost,let,like等:

他有一台电脑。

正:He has a computer.

误:A computer is had by him.

他当时正在洗澡。

正:He was taking a bath.

误:A bath was being had by him.

我的鞋不适合。

正:My shoes don’t fit me.

误:I am not fitted by my shoes.

这架钢琴花了她6000美元。

正:The piano cost her 6000 dollars.

误:She was cost her 6000 dollars.

误:6000 dollars was cost her.

这件衣服他穿很合适。

正:The coat suits him very well.

误:He is well suited by the coat.

静态动词用于进行时态的例子:

在通常情况下,静态动词不用于进行时态,但是有少数静态动词在特殊情况下可用于进行时态,有时比用一般时态显得更客气。如以下例子均摘自词典和名家的语法著作:

I am hoping you will come. 我希望你能来。(比I hope…显得更客气)。

Now I’m remembering it. 现在我想起来了。

How are you liking Beijing? 你觉得北京如何?(问初步印象)

I’m always hearing strange stories about him. 我老听人讲关于他的奇奇怪怪的事。

I’m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差点忘了我答应今晚去看他的。

Tina is resembling her sister more and more. 丁娜越来越像她姐姐了。

I’m hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你来聊聊天。

I’m wondering if you have any questions. 我倒想知道你们有什么问题。

Thank you so much for the binoculars. I’ve been wanting a pair for ages. 我非常感谢你送给我望远镜。我一直想要一副。

英语动词的基本概念:

及物动词与不及物动词

根据其后是否带宾语,动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语):

Everyone laughed. 大家都笑了。(laugh不带宾语,为不及物动词)

He bought a dictionary. 他买了一本词典。(buy带了宾语,为及物动词)

【注】有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词:

I drank some brandy.我喝了一些白兰地。(及物用法)

He has been drinking again.他又在喝酒了。(不及物用法)

实意动词和非实意动词

根据其含义和句子功用,动词可分为实意动词和非实意动词(包括时态助动词和情态助动词等):

He likes reading story books. 他喜欢看故事书。(like和read为实意动词)

He has read the story book. 他已读过这本故事书。(has为时态助动词)

He should read the story book. 他应该读读这本故事书。(should为情态助动词)

限定动词和非限定动词

根据其是否为主语所限定,动词可分为限定动词和非限定动词。限定动词在句中可用作谓语,而非限定动词则不用作谓语(用作主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等),非限定动词包括不定式、动名词、分词三种:

He likes English. 他喜欢英语。(like为限定动词)

I hope to see you this evening. 我希望今天晚上见到你。(to see为非限定动词)

The house needs repairing. 这房子需要修缮。(repairing 为非限定动词)

He had his wallet stolen on the bus. 他的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。(stolen为非限定动词)

动态动词和静态动词

根据词义特点,动词可分为动态动词和静态动词,动态动词主要指动作动词,而静态动词则主要指表示情感、内心活动、感觉、相互关系等的动词:

I worked there for five years. 我在那儿工作了五年。(work为动态动词)

He no longer lives here. 他不再住这儿了。(live为动态动词)

I know he is honest. 我知道他是诚实的。(know为静态动词)

Everyone likes the book. 大家都喜欢这本书。(like为静态动词)

The house belongs to Mr. Smith. 这房子是史密斯的。(belong为静态动词)

延续性动词和非延续性动词

根据动作是否延续,动词可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词:

It rained for three days. 下了三天雨。(rain为延续性动词)

He left here three days ago. 他三天前就离开了。(left为非延续性动词)

【注】除以上类别的动词外,英语中还有连系动词、反身动词、短语动词等。

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